Tocchi un tema molto delicato e non solo nello sportBeppugrillo ha scritto: ↑lunedì 6 giugno 2022, 21:33 Verrebbe da dire che una cosa è prendere farmaci per eliminare il dolore, un'altra prenderne per eliminare la fatica ma non so dire se è la chiave di lettura giusta. Anche perché la fatica potrebbe essere un sottoinsieme del dolore
Posto tre riassunti di articoli che possono dare un'idea della complessità dell'argomento.
Analgesics and Sport Performance: Beyond the Pain-Modulating Effects
Darias Holgado, James Hopker, Daniel Sanabria, Mikel Zabala
Abstract
Analgesics are used widely in sport to treat pain and inflammation associated with injury. However, there is growing evidence that some athletes might be taking these substances in an attempt to enhance performance. Although the pharmacologic action of analgesics and their use in treating pain with and without anti-inflammatory effect is well established, their effect on sport performance is debated. The aim of this review was to evaluate the evidence of whether analgesics are capable of enhancing exercise performance and, if so, to what extent. Paracetamol has been suggested to improve endurance and repeated sprint exercise performance by reducing the activation of higher brain structures involved in pain and cognitive/affective processing. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect both central and peripheral body systems, but investigation on their ergogenic effect on muscle strength development has provided equivocal results. The therapeutic use of glucocorticoids is indubitable, but clear evidence exists for a performance-enhancing effect after short-term oral administration. Based on the evidence presented in this review article, the ergogenic benefit of analgesics may warrant further consideration by regulatory bodies. In contrast to the aforementioned analgesics, there is a paucity of research on the use of opioids such as tramadol on sporting performance.
PM R. 2018 Jan;10(1):72-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.07.068. Epub 2017 Aug 4.
Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs in sports: Implications for exercise performance and training adaptations
Tommy R Lundberg, Glyn Howatson
Abstract
Over-the-counter analgesics, such as anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol, are widely consumed by athletes worldwide to increase pain tolerance, or dampen pain and reduce inflammation from injuries. Given that these drugs also can modulate tissue protein turnover, it is important to scrutinize the implications of acute and chronic use of these drugs in relation to exercise performance and the development of long-term training adaptations. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the studies investigating the effects of analgesic drugs on exercise performance and training adaptations relevant for athletic development. There is emerging evidence that paracetamol might acutely improve important endurance parameters as well as aspects of neuromuscular performance, possibly through increased pain tolerance. Both NSAIDs and paracetamol have been demonstrated to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, which might explain the reduced anabolic response to acute exercise bouts. Consistent with this, NSAIDs have been reported to interfere with muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in response to chronic resistance training in young individuals. Although it remains to be established whether any of these observations also translate into detriments in sport-specific performance or reduced training adaptations in elite athletes, the extensive use of these drugs certainly raises practical, ethical, and important safety concerns that need to be addressed. Overall, we encourage greater awareness among athletes, coaches, and support staff on the potential adverse effects of these drugs. A risk-benefit analysis and professional guidance are strongly advised before the athlete considers analgesic medicine for training or competition.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Nov;28(11):2252-2262. doi: 10.1111/sms.13275. Epub 2018 Sep 2.
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
“Tramadol and sport: Effects on physical and sustained attention
performance during cycling exercise.”
Dr. D. Sanabria, Dr. M. Diaz (University of Granada, Spain)
PROJECT REVIEW
Tramadol is an analgesic medication for the treatment of moderate to severe
pain. Recently, there have been concerns about the abuse of tramadol
causing falls in the pro-cycling peloton. Only few studies have examined the
effects of Tramadol on performance and none with athletes or healthy
subjects. The impact of Tramadol on cycling performance might be mediated
by its effect on sustained attention, which is defined as a capacity to detect
of relevant stimuli that are rare and unpredictable.
The aims of this project are: 1) to investigate the impact of Tramadol on
physical performance in cycling with a Functional threshold power test (1st
year); 2) to investigate the effect of Tramadol on sustained attention at rest
(1st year) and during exercise (2nd year) with the Continuous Performance
Task; 3) to study whether sustained attention might mediate the effect of
Tramadol on cycling performance with an ecologically-valid task (3rd year).
All experiments to reach the objectives will be performed using a placebocontrolled, double blind, randomized counterbalance methodology. Tramadol
(a single dose of 100 mg of orally administered will be used) or Placebo will
be administered to participants 120 min before starting each test. We will
recruit 30 subjects for each experiment (15 males and 15 females). Together
with objective measures of physical and cognitive performance, we will
obtain measures of subjective performance such as perceived effort and
mental fatigue.
This research project will be the first to test the effects of Tramadol on
sustained attention during cycling. This is particularly relevant since
Tramadol has been placed on WADA’s Monitoring Program from 2012 to 2015
(Narcotics: in competition only) in order to detect potential patterns of
abuse. Our findings would certainly help the WADA to decide whether to
include Tramadol into the Prohibited List or not.
Results and Conclusions:
The use of tramadol, an analgesic medication, in professional cycling is
generating particular interest and concern. Tramadol might enhance cycling
performance at the cost of reducing the ability to stay focused. The aim of
the present study was to test the hypothesis that acute oral administration of
tramadol improves exercise performance during a 20-min cycling Time-Trial
(TT) (Experiment 1) in a group of cyclists and whether sustained attention
would be impaired during exercise (Experiment 2).
This study is a clinical trial (EudraCT number: 2015-005056-96) using a
placebo-controlled, double blind, within-participants, counterbalanced
methodology. We administered a single oral dose of Tramadol (100 mg), or
placebo 120min before starting the TT. Electroencephalography measures
(EEG) were recorded throughout the cycling exercise and at rest. In
Experiment 2, the methods were the same as in Experiment 1 except that
participants performed an Oddball (cognitive) sustained attention task during
exercise.
We recruited 56 cyclists in total. In Experiment 1, overall power output was
higher in the tramadol condition than in the placebo condition. This result
was partially replicated in Experiment 2, as the power output during the
second half of the TT was higher under tramadol, while no differences were
observed in the first part of the TT. No effects of condition were shown either
in the PVT or the oddball task. Tonic EEG analysis at baseline revealed
opposite results when comparing Experiments 1 and 2. However, EEG data
showed a significant effect at the neural-related activity related to stimulus
processing during exercise.
Futures studies should include a pre-fatigue protocol at a fixed load before
the TT to address this issue, and in addition a more ecological task.
© WADA, Funded Scientific Research Projects
invidia pura per tanta buona sorte
, ti dirò a me era anche simpstica, ma andava a carburo spinto. Sulla Perec e l' aeroporto non so nulla, raccontaci. Questo però non fa che confermare che forse i 49 secondi è un limite accettabile per i 400 donne e quindi l' ostacolista Usa...uhm...
Era lui! Però, come andava! Chissà se conosceva il Dott. Padilla...
